منابع مشابه
From Economies of Density and Network Scale to Multioutput Economies of Scale and Scope: a Synthesis
For more than twenty years, the cost structure of transport industries in general, and the airline industry in particular, has been analyzed through the calculation of two indices: returns to density (RTD) and returns to scale (RTS), which were originally proposed by Caves et al. (1984). During this period, there have been many observations, amendments, caveats and corrections about their calcu...
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A key feature of recent work on barriers to technology adoption is the assumption that monopoly rights of insiders are limited by the ability of industry outsiders to enter. This paper endogenizes the decision of a government to provide barriers to technology adoption alone or in combination with barriers to entry of outsiders. Using a political economy model, we find that a government provides...
متن کاملBiologic Drugs, Biosimilars, and Barriers to Entry.
Biologic drugs represent an important new category of drugs in the effort to improve health outcomes in this country. Yet, these cutting-edge drugs are often cost prohibitive, preventing access for many Americans. Recognizing the need for more affordable, generic substitutes for biologic drugs—or biosimilars—Congress recently created a biosimilars approval pathway that would enable these cheape...
متن کاملconstruction and validation of the translation teacher competency test and the scale of students’ perceptions of translation teachers
the major purpose of this study was to develop the translation teacher competency test (ttct) and examine its construct and predictive validity. the present study was conducted in two phases: a qualitative phase as well as a quantitative phase. in the first phase of the study, the author attempted to find out the major areas of competency required for an academic translation teacher. the second...
The Economies of Scale in Iran Manufacturing Establishments
One of the topics after two decades of applying import substitution policy in Iran manufacturing sector is the importance of industrial export expansion and foreign relations. The main impetus to this policy transfer is the market expansion and potential gains of exploiting the economies of scale and technical upgrades. Based on this argument this research estimates the efficient scale and gain...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Political Economy
سال: 1981
ISSN: 0022-3808,1537-534X
DOI: 10.1086/261031